Historical Background
Nestled in the heart of Nanjing’s historic Qinhuai District, Zhan Garden—also known as the 'First Garden of Jinling'—boasts over 600 years of layered history. Originally built during the Jiajing reign of the Ming Dynasty (1522–1566), it served as the private residence of Xu Da, one of the founding generals of the Ming Dynasty and a close confidant of Emperor Hongwu (Zhu Yuanzhang). Over the centuries, the garden evolved through imperial patronage, rebellion, and restoration, becoming a living testament to China’s dynastic transitions. During the Qianlong Emperor’s southern tours in the 18th century, he was so captivated by its elegance that he bestowed its current name—'Zhan Garden'—inspired by a line from Ouyang Xiu’s poetry: “Gazing toward the Jade Hall, as if in heaven.” The emperor even personally inscribed the garden’s iconic plaque, which still hangs proudly today.
From Ming Mansion to Taiping Stronghold
During the mid-19th century, Zhan Garden took on a dramatic new role as a political and military center during the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom uprising (1851–1864). It became the official residence of Yang Xiuqing, the East King, and later Xiao Youhe, the Young West King. This turbulent chapter transformed the serene garden into a nerve center of one of China’s largest civil wars. Today, the eastern section of the garden houses the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom History Museum—the only national-level museum dedicated exclusively to this pivotal rebellion. Its exhibits include rare artifacts such as the 'Jade Seal of the Heavenly Father,' the golden crown of the Loyal King Li Xiucheng, ceremonial banners, swords, stone troughs, and original documents that vividly reconstruct the ideology, governance, and daily life of the Taiping regime.
Architectural and Garden Highlights
Zhan Garden is divided into two distinct yet harmonious sections: the East Garden (historical museum zone) and the West Garden (classical landscape zone). Upon entering through the grand southern gate—marked by the bold inscription 'First Garden of Jinling'—visitors are greeted by a dignified bronze bust of Hong Xiuquan, the visionary leader of the Taiping movement. Beyond lies a series of restored Ming–Qing halls showcasing period furniture, weaponry, and interactive displays that contextualize the rebellion within global 19th-century revolutionary movements.
The West Garden exemplifies the pinnacle of Jiangnan (south-of-the-Yangtze) garden design. Organized around five intimate courtyards and a central lake, it features elegant structures like Yilan Pavilion (One-Glimpse Pavilion), Hualan Hall (Flower Basket Hall), Zhishuang轩 (Refreshing Breeze Pavilion), and Yingcui轩 (Welcoming Greenery Pavilion). These are connected by winding covered corridors that guide visitors through shifting vistas of water, rock, and greenery. The garden’s backbone is its trio of artificial mountains—crafted from prized Taihu limestone—positioned to the north, south, and west. These sculptural formations, some dating back to the Song Dynasty, create dynamic silhouettes and hidden pathways that invite exploration.
Iconic Treasures and Hidden Wonders
Among the garden’s many marvels is the legendary 'Tiger' Stele, located near the entrance to the Guanyu Pavilion. Carved during the Ming era, this stone tablet is said to have been gifted by Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang to General Xu Da as a symbol of valor. At first glance, it depicts a roaring tiger—but upon closer inspection, the strokes cleverly conceal the four-character phrase 'Fu Jia Tian Xia' ('Wealth Dominates the World'), earning it the nickname 'The World’s Number One Tiger.'
Another engineering curiosity is the Tongting (Bronze Pavilion), also called the 'Fan Pavilion.' Though modest in size, it represents an early form of climate control: its copper roof and strategic orientation allowed cool air to circulate in summer and retain warmth in winter—a remarkable feat of pre-modern environmental design. Scattered throughout the grounds are two celebrated Taihu stones: Xianren Peak, standing gracefully behind the south gate, and Yiyun Peak, nestled among osmanthus bushes near Hualan Hall, each admired for their ethereal, cloud-like forms.
Visitor Experience and Cultural Immersion
Beyond daytime visits, Zhan Garden offers enchanting evening access until 9:00 PM (with last entry at 8:30 PM), when traditional lanterns illuminate pavilions and reflections dance on the water—ideal for photography or quiet contemplation. Guided tours are available at the ticket office, providing rich context often missed by independent travelers. The surrounding neighborhood brims with Qinhuai River culture: steamed dumpling stalls, teahouses, and souvenir shops selling Nanjing yunjin brocade make for a seamless cultural extension after your visit. With free Wi-Fi throughout and clean, accessible restrooms, the site balances historical depth with modern convenience.